This comprehensive Handbook gives an overview of the political social economic and legal dimensions of citizenship in the Middle East and North Africa from the nineteenth century to the present. The terms citizen and citizenship are mostly used by researchers in an off-hand self-evident manner. A citizen is assumed to have standard rights and duties that everyone enjoys. However citizenship is a complex legal social economic cultural ethical and religious concept and practice. Since the rise of the modern bureaucratic state in each country of the Middle East and North Africa citizenship has developed differently. In addition rights are highly differentiated within one country ranging from privileged underprivileged and discriminated citizens to non-citizens. Through its dual nature as instrument of state control as well as a source of citizen rights and entitlements citizenship provides crucial insights into state-citizen relations and the services the state provides as well as the way citizens respond to these actions. This volume focuses on five themes that cover the crucial dimensions of citizenship in the region: Historical trajectory of citizenship since the nineteenth century until independence Creation of citizenship from above by the state Different discourses of rights and forms of contestation developed by social movements and society Mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion Politics of citizenship nationality and migration Covering the main dimensions of citizenship this multidisciplinary book is a key resource for students and scholars interested in citizenship politics economics history migration and refugees in the Middle East and North Africa. |Routledge Handbook of Citizenship in the Middle East and North Africa | Middle Eastern Studies